ahoy

Simple, powerful, first-party analytics for Rails

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Ruby

Ahoy

🔥 Simple, powerful, first-party analytics for Rails

Track visits and events in Ruby, JavaScript, and native apps. Data is stored in your database by default, and you can customize it for any data store as you grow.

📮 Check out Ahoy Email for emails and Field Test for A/B testing

🍊 Battle-tested at Instacart

Installation

Add this line to your application’s Gemfile:

gem "ahoy_matey"

And run:

bundle install
rails generate ahoy:install
rails db:migrate

Restart your web server, open a page in your browser, and a visit will be created 🎉

Track your first event from a controller with:

ahoy.track "My first event", language: "Ruby"

JavaScript, Native Apps, & AMP

Enable the API in config/initializers/ahoy.rb:

Ahoy.api = true

And restart your web server.

JavaScript

For Importmap (Rails 7+ default), add to config/importmap.rb:

pin "ahoy", to: "ahoy.js"

And add to app/javascript/application.js:

import "ahoy"

For Bun, esbuild, rollup.js, or Webpack, run:

bun add ahoy.js
# or
yarn add ahoy.js

And add to app/javascript/application.js:

import ahoy from "ahoy.js"

For Sprockets, add to app/assets/javascripts/application.js:

//= require ahoy

Track an event with:

ahoy.track("My second event", {language: "JavaScript"});

Native Apps

Check out Ahoy iOS and Ahoy Android.

Geocoding Setup

To enable geocoding, see the Geocoding section.

GDPR Compliance

Ahoy provides a number of options to help with GDPR compliance. See the GDPR section for more info.

How It Works

Visits

When someone visits your website, Ahoy creates a visit with lots of useful information.

traffic source - referrer, referring domain, landing page
location - country, region, city, latitude, longitude
technology - browser, OS, device type
utm parameters - source, medium, term, content, campaign

Use the current_visit method to access it.

Prevent certain Rails actions from creating visits with:

skip_before_action :track_ahoy_visit

This is typically useful for APIs. If your entire Rails app is an API, you can use:

Ahoy.api_only = true

You can also defer visit tracking to JavaScript. This is useful for preventing bots (that aren’t detected by their user agent) and users with cookies disabled from creating a new visit on each request. :when_needed will create visits server-side only when needed by events, and false will disable server-side creation completely, discarding events without a visit.

Ahoy.server_side_visits = :when_needed

Events

Each event has a name and properties. There are several ways to track events.

Ruby

ahoy.track "Viewed book", title: "Hot, Flat, and Crowded"

Track actions automatically with:

class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  after_action :track_action

  protected

  def track_action
    ahoy.track "Ran action", request.path_parameters
  end
end

JavaScript

ahoy.track("Viewed book", {title: "The World is Flat"});

See Ahoy.js for a complete list of features.

Native Apps

See the docs for Ahoy iOS and Ahoy Android.

AMP

<head>
  <script async custom-element="amp-analytics" src="https://cdn.ampproject.org/v0/amp-analytics-0.1.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
  <%= amp_event "Viewed article", title: "Analytics with Rails" %>
</body>

Associated Models

Say we want to associate orders with visits. Just add visitable to the model.

class Order < ApplicationRecord
  visitable :ahoy_visit
end

When a visitor places an order, the ahoy_visit_id column is automatically set 🎉

See where orders are coming from with simple joins:

Order.joins(:ahoy_visit).group("referring_domain").count
Order.joins(:ahoy_visit).group("city").count
Order.joins(:ahoy_visit).group("device_type").count

Here’s what the migration to add the ahoy_visit_id column should look like:

class AddAhoyVisitToOrders < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
  def change
    add_reference :orders, :ahoy_visit
  end
end

Customize the column with:

visitable :sign_up_visit

Users

Ahoy automatically attaches the current_user to the visit. With Devise, it attaches the user even if they sign in after the visit starts.

With other authentication frameworks, add this to the end of your sign in method:

ahoy.authenticate(user)

To see the visits for a given user, create an association:

class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :visits, class_name: "Ahoy::Visit"
end

And use:

User.find(123).visits

Custom User Method

Use a method besides current_user

Ahoy.user_method = :true_user

or use a proc

Ahoy.user_method = ->(controller) { controller.true_user }

Doorkeeper

To attach the user with Doorkeeper, be sure you have a current_resource_owner method in ApplicationController.

class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  private

  def current_resource_owner
    User.find(doorkeeper_token.resource_owner_id) if doorkeeper_token
  end
end

Exclusions

Bots are excluded from tracking by default. To include them, use:

Ahoy.track_bots = true

Add your own rules with:

Ahoy.exclude_method = lambda do |controller, request|
  request.ip == "192.168.1.1"
end

Visit Duration

By default, a new visit is created after 4 hours of inactivity. Change this with:

Ahoy.visit_duration = 30.minutes

Visitor Duration

By default, a new visitor_token is generated after 2 years. Change this with:

Ahoy.visitor_duration = 30.days

Cookies

To track visits across multiple subdomains, use:

Ahoy.cookie_domain = :all

Set other cookie options with:

Ahoy.cookie_options = {same_site: :lax}

You can also disable cookies

Token Generation

Ahoy uses random UUIDs for visit and visitor tokens by default, but you can use your own generator like ULID.

Ahoy.token_generator = -> { ULID.generate }

Throttling

You can use Rack::Attack to throttle requests to the API.

class Rack::Attack
  throttle("ahoy/ip", limit: 20, period: 1.minute) do |req|
    if req.path.start_with?("/ahoy/")
      req.ip
    end
  end
end

Exceptions

Exceptions are rescued so analytics do not break your app. Ahoy uses Safely to try to report them to a service by default. To customize this, use:

Safely.report_exception_method = ->(e) { Rollbar.error(e) }

Geocoding

Ahoy uses Geocoder for geocoding. We recommend configuring local geocoding or load balancer geocoding so IP addresses are not sent to a 3rd party service. If you do use a 3rd party service and adhere to GDPR, be sure to add it to your subprocessor list. If Ahoy is configured to mask IPs, the masked IP is used (this can reduce accuracy but is better for privacy).

To enable geocoding, add this line to your application’s Gemfile:

gem "geocoder"

And update config/initializers/ahoy.rb:

Ahoy.geocode = true

Geocoding is performed in a background job so it doesn’t slow down web requests. The default job queue is :ahoy. Change this with:

Ahoy.job_queue = :low_priority

Local Geocoding

For privacy and performance, we recommend geocoding locally.

For city-level geocoding, download the GeoLite2 City database.

Add this line to your application’s Gemfile:

gem "maxminddb"

And create config/initializers/geocoder.rb with:

Geocoder.configure(
  ip_lookup: :geoip2,
  geoip2: {
    file: "path/to/GeoLite2-City.mmdb"
  }
)

For country-level geocoding, install the geoip-database package. It’s preinstalled on Heroku. For Ubuntu, use:

sudo apt-get install geoip-database

Add this line to your application’s Gemfile:

gem "geoip"

And create config/initializers/geocoder.rb with:

Geocoder.configure(
  ip_lookup: :maxmind_local,
  maxmind_local: {
    file: "/usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP.dat",
    package: :country
  }
)

Load Balancer Geocoding

Some load balancers can add geocoding information to request headers.

Update config/initializers/ahoy.rb with:

Ahoy.geocode = false

class Ahoy::Store < Ahoy::DatabaseStore
  def track_visit(data)
    data[:country] = request.headers["<country-header>"]
    data[:region] = request.headers["<region-header>"]
    data[:city] = request.headers["<city-header>"]
    super(data)
  end
end

GDPR Compliance

Ahoy provides a number of options to help with GDPR compliance.

Update config/initializers/ahoy.rb with:

class Ahoy::Store < Ahoy::DatabaseStore
  def authenticate(data)
    # disables automatic linking of visits and users
  end
end

Ahoy.mask_ips = true
Ahoy.cookies = :none

This:

Masks IP addresses
Switches from cookies to anonymity sets
Disables automatic linking of visits and users

If you use JavaScript tracking, also set:

ahoy.configure({cookies: false});

IP Masking

Ahoy can mask IPs with the same approach Google Analytics uses for IP anonymization. This means:

For IPv4, the last octet is set to 0 (8.8.4.4 becomes 8.8.4.0)
For IPv6, the last 80 bits are set to zeros (2001:4860:4860:0:0:0:0:8844 becomes 2001:4860:4860::)

Ahoy.mask_ips = true

IPs are masked before geolocation is performed.

To mask previously collected IPs, use:

Ahoy::Visit.find_each do |visit|
  visit.update_column :ip, Ahoy.mask_ip(visit.ip)
end

Anonymity Sets & Cookies

Ahoy can switch from cookies to anonymity sets. Instead of cookies, visitors with the same IP mask and user agent are grouped together in an anonymity set.

Ahoy.cookies = :none

Note: If Ahoy was installed before v5, add an index before making this change.

Previously set cookies are automatically deleted. If you use JavaScript tracking, also set:

ahoy.configure({cookies: false});

Data Retention

Data should only be retained for as long as it’s needed. Delete older data with:

Ahoy::Visit.where("started_at < ?", 2.years.ago).find_in_batches do |visits|
  visit_ids = visits.map(&:id)
  Ahoy::Event.where(visit_id: visit_ids).delete_all
  Ahoy::Visit.where(id: visit_ids).delete_all
end

You can use Rollup to aggregate important data before you do.

Ahoy::Visit.rollup("Visits", interval: "hour")

Delete data for a specific user with:

user_id = 123
visit_ids = Ahoy::Visit.where(user_id: user_id).pluck(:id)
Ahoy::Event.where(visit_id: visit_ids).delete_all
Ahoy::Visit.where(id: visit_ids).delete_all
Ahoy::Event.where(user_id: user_id).delete_all

Development

Ahoy is built with developers in mind. You can run the following code in your browser’s console.

Force a new visit

ahoy.reset(); // then reload the page

Log messages

ahoy.debug();

Turn off logging

ahoy.debug(false);

Debug API requests in Ruby

Ahoy.quiet = false

Data Stores

Data tracked by Ahoy is sent to your data store. Ahoy ships with a data store that uses your Rails database by default. You can find it in config/initializers/ahoy.rb:

class Ahoy::Store < Ahoy::DatabaseStore
end

There are four events data stores can subscribe to:

class Ahoy::Store < Ahoy::BaseStore
  def track_visit(data)
    # new visit
  end

  def track_event(data)
    # new event
  end

  def geocode(data)
    # visit geocoded
  end

  def authenticate(data)
    # user authenticates
  end
end

Data stores are designed to be highly customizable so you can scale as you grow. Check out examples for Kafka, RabbitMQ, Fluentd, NATS, NSQ, and Amazon Kinesis Firehose.

Track Additional Data

class Ahoy::Store < Ahoy::DatabaseStore
  def track_visit(data)
    data[:accept_language] = request.headers["Accept-Language"]
    super(data)
  end
end

Two useful methods you can use are request and controller.

You can pass additional visit data from JavaScript with:

ahoy.configure({visitParams: {referral_code: 123}});

And use:

class Ahoy::Store < Ahoy::DatabaseStore
  def track_visit(data)
    data[:referral_code] = request.parameters[:referral_code]
    super(data)
  end
end

Use Different Models

class Ahoy::Store < Ahoy::DatabaseStore
  def visit_model
    MyVisit
  end

  def event_model
    MyEvent
  end
end

Explore the Data

Blazer is a great tool for exploring your data.

With Active Record, you can do:

Ahoy::Visit.group(:search_keyword).count
Ahoy::Visit.group(:country).count
Ahoy::Visit.group(:referring_domain).count

Chartkick and Groupdate make it easy to visualize the data.

<%= line_chart Ahoy::Visit.group_by_day(:started_at).count %>

Querying Events

Ahoy provides a few methods on the event model to make querying easier.

To query on both name and properties, you can use:

Ahoy::Event.where_event("Viewed product", product_id: 123).count

Or just query properties with:

Ahoy::Event.where_props(product_id: 123, category: "Books").count

Group by properties with:

Ahoy::Event.group_prop(:product_id, :category).count

Note: MySQL and MariaDB always return string keys (including "null" for nil) for group_prop.

Funnels

It’s easy to create funnels.

viewed_store_ids = Ahoy::Event.where(name: "Viewed store").distinct.pluck(:user_id)
added_item_ids = Ahoy::Event.where(user_id: viewed_store_ids, name: "Added item to cart").distinct.pluck(:user_id)
viewed_checkout_ids = Ahoy::Event.where(user_id: added_item_ids, name: "Viewed checkout").distinct.pluck(:user_id)

The same approach also works with visitor tokens.

Rollups

Improve query performance by pre-aggregating data with Rollup.

Ahoy::Event.where(name: "Viewed store").rollup("Store views")

This is only needed if you have a lot of data.

Forecasting

To forecast future visits and events, check out Prophet.

daily_visits = Ahoy::Visit.group_by_day(:started_at).count # uses Groupdate
Prophet.forecast(daily_visits)

Anomaly Detection

To detect anomalies in visits and events, check out AnomalyDetection.rb.

daily_visits = Ahoy::Visit.group_by_day(:started_at).count # uses Groupdate
AnomalyDetection.detect(daily_visits, period: 7)

Breakout Detection

To detect breakouts in visits and events, check out Breakout.

daily_visits = Ahoy::Visit.group_by_day(:started_at).count # uses Groupdate
Breakout.detect(daily_visits)

Recommendations

To make recommendations based on events, check out Disco.

Tutorials

Tracking Metrics with Ahoy and Blazer

API Spec

Visits

Generate visit and visitor tokens as UUIDs, and include these values in the Ahoy-Visit and Ahoy-Visitor headers with all requests.

Send a POST request to /ahoy/visits with Content-Type: application/json and a body like:

{
  "visit_token": "<visit-token>",
  "visitor_token": "<visitor-token>",
  "platform": "iOS",
  "app_version": "1.0.0",
  "os_version": "11.2.6"
}

After 4 hours of inactivity, create another visit (use the same visitor token).

Events

Send a POST request to /ahoy/events with Content-Type: application/json and a body like:

{
  "visit_token": "<visit-token>",
  "visitor_token": "<visitor-token>",
  "events": [
    {
      "id": "<optional-random-id>",
      "name": "Viewed item",
      "properties": {
        "item_id": 123
      },
      "time": "2025-01-01T00:00:00-07:00"
    }
  ]
}

Upgrading

5.0

Visits now expire with anonymity sets. If using Ahoy.cookies = false, a new index is needed.

For Active Record, create a migration with:

add_index :ahoy_visits, [:visitor_token, :started_at]

For Mongoid, set:

class Ahoy::Visit
  index({visitor_token: 1, started_at: 1})
end

Create the index before upgrading, and set:

Ahoy.cookies = :none

History

View the changelog

Contributing

Everyone is encouraged to help improve this project. Here are a few ways you can help:

Report bugs
Fix bugs and submit pull requests
Write, clarify, or fix documentation
Suggest or add new features

To get started with development:

git clone https://github.com/ankane/ahoy.git
cd ahoy
bundle install
bundle exec rake test

To test different adapters, use:

ADAPTER=postgresql bundle exec rake test
ADAPTER=mysql2 bundle exec rake test
ADAPTER=mongoid bundle exec rake test