minitest provides a complete suite of testing facilities supporting TDD, BDD, mocking, and benchmarking.
= minitest/{test,spec,mock,benchmark}
home :: https://github.com/minitest/minitest
bugs :: https://github.com/minitest/minitest/issues
rdoc :: https://docs.seattlerb.org/minitest
clog :: https://github.com/minitest/minitest/blob/master/History.rdoc
vim :: https://github.com/sunaku/vim-ruby-minitest
emacs:: https://github.com/arthurnn/minitest-emacs
== DESCRIPTION:
minitest provides a complete suite of testing facilities supporting
TDD, BDD, mocking, and benchmarking.
"I had a class with Jim Weirich on testing last week and we were
allowed to choose our testing frameworks. Kirk Haines and I were
paired up and we cracked open the code for a few test
frameworks...
I MUST say that minitest is *very* readable / understandable
compared to the 'other two' options we looked at. Nicely done and
thank you for helping us keep our mental sanity."
-- Wayne E. Seguin
minitest/test is a small and incredibly fast unit testing framework.
It provides a rich set of assertions to make your tests clean and
readable.
minitest/spec is a functionally complete spec engine. It hooks onto
minitest/test and seamlessly bridges test assertions over to spec
expectations.
minitest/benchmark is an awesome way to assert the performance of your
algorithms in a repeatable manner. Now you can assert that your newb
co-worker doesn’t replace your linear algorithm with an exponential
one!
minitest/mock by Steven Baker, is a beautifully tiny mock (and stub)
object framework.
minitest/pride shows pride in testing and adds coloring to your test
output. I guess it is an example of how to write IO pipes too. 😛
minitest/test is meant to have a clean implementation for language
implementors that need a minimal set of methods to bootstrap a working
test suite. For example, there is no magic involved for test-case
discovery.
"Again, I can't praise enough the idea of a testing/specing
framework that I can actually read in full in one sitting!"
-- Piotr Szotkowski
Comparing to rspec:
rspec is a testing DSL. minitest is ruby.
-- Adam Hawkins, "Bow Before MiniTest"
minitest doesn’t reinvent anything that ruby already provides, like:
classes, modules, inheritance, methods. This means you only have to
learn ruby to use minitest and all of your regular OO practices like
extract-method refactorings still apply.
== FEATURES/PROBLEMS:
== RATIONALE:
See design_rationale.rb to see how specs and tests work in minitest.
== SYNOPSIS:
Given that you’d like to test the following class:
class Meme
def i_can_has_cheezburger?
“OHAI!”
end
def will_it_blend?
"YES!"
end
end
=== Unit tests
Define your tests as methods beginning with +test_+.
require “minitest/autorun”
class TestMeme < Minitest::Test
def setup
@meme = Meme.new
end
def test_that_kitty_can_eat
assert_equal "OHAI!", @meme.i_can_has_cheezburger?
end
def test_that_it_will_not_blend
refute_match /^no/i, @meme.will_it_blend?
end
def test_that_will_be_skipped
skip "test this later"
end
end
=== Specs
require “minitest/autorun”
describe Meme do
before do
@meme = Meme.new
end
describe "when asked about cheeseburgers" do
it "must respond positively" do
_(@meme.i_can_has_cheezburger?).must_equal "OHAI!"
end
end
describe "when asked about blending possibilities" do
it "won't say no" do
_(@meme.will_it_blend?).wont_match /^no/i
end
end
end
For matchers support check out:
=== Benchmarks
Add benchmarks to your tests.
require “minitest/benchmark” if ENV[“BENCH”]
class TestMeme < Minitest::Benchmark
# Override self.bench_range or default range is [1, 10, 100, 1_000, 10_000]
def bench_my_algorithm
assert_performance_linear 0.9999 do |n| # n is a range value
@obj.my_algorithm(n)
end
end
end
Or add them to your specs. If you make benchmarks optional, you’ll
need to wrap your benchmarks in a conditional since the methods won’t
be defined. In minitest 5, the describe name needs to match
/Bench(mark)?$/.
describe “Meme Benchmark” do
if ENV[“BENCH”] then
bench_performance_linear “my_algorithm”, 0.9999 do |n|
100.times do
@obj.my_algorithm(n)
end
end
end
end
outputs something like:
TestBlah 100 1000 10000
bench_my_algorithm 0.006167 0.079279 0.786993
bench_other_algorithm 0.061679 0.792797 7.869932
Output is tab-delimited to make it easy to paste into a spreadsheet.
=== Mocks
Mocks and stubs defined using terminology by Fowler & Meszaros at
https://www.martinfowler.com/bliki/TestDouble.html:
“Mocks are pre-programmed with expectations which form a specification
of the calls they are expected to receive. They can throw an exception
if they receive a call they don’t expect and are checked during
verification to ensure they got all the calls they were expecting.”
class MemeAsker
def initialize(meme)
@meme = meme
end
def ask(question)
method = question.tr(" ", "_") + "?"
@meme.__send__(method)
end
end
require “minitest/autorun”
describe MemeAsker, :ask do
describe “when passed an unpunctuated question” do
it “should invoke the appropriate predicate method on the meme” do
@meme = Minitest::Mock.new
@meme_asker = MemeAsker.new @meme
@meme.expect :will_it_blend?, :return_value
@meme_asker.ask "will it blend"
@meme.verify
end
end
end
==== Multi-threading and Mocks
Minitest mocks do not support multi-threading. If it works, fine, if it doesn’t
you can use regular ruby patterns and facilities like local variables. Here’s
an example of asserting that code inside a thread is run:
def test_called_inside_thread
called = false
pr = Proc.new { called = true }
thread = Thread.new(&pr)
thread.join
assert called, “proc not called”
end
=== Stubs
Mocks and stubs are defined using terminology by Fowler & Meszaros at
https://www.martinfowler.com/bliki/TestDouble.html:
“Stubs provide canned answers to calls made during the test”.
Minitest’s stub method overrides a single method for the duration of
the block.
def test_stale_eh
obj_under_test = Something.new
refute obj_under_test.stale?
Time.stub :now, Time.at(0) do # stub goes away once the block is done
assert obj_under_test.stale?
end
end
A note on stubbing: In order to stub a method, the method must
actually exist prior to stubbing. Use a singleton method to create a
new non-existing method:
def obj_under_test.fake_method
…
end
=== Running Your Tests
Ideally, you’ll use a rake task to run your tests (see below), either
piecemeal or all at once. BUT! You don’t have to:
% ruby -Ilib:test test/minitest/test_minitest_test.rb
Run options: --seed 37685
# Running:
...................................................................... (etc)
Finished in 0.107130s, 1446.8403 runs/s, 2959.0217 assertions/s.
155 runs, 317 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
There are runtime options available, both from minitest itself, and also
provided via plugins. To see them, simply run with ±-help+:
% ruby -Ilib:test test/minitest/test_minitest_test.rb --help
minitest options:
-h, --help Display this help.
-s, --seed SEED Sets random seed. Also via env. Eg: SEED=n rake
-v, --verbose Verbose. Show progress processing files.
-n, --name PATTERN Filter run on /regexp/ or string.
-e, --exclude PATTERN Exclude /regexp/ or string from run.
Known extensions: pride, autotest
-p, --pride Pride. Show your testing pride!
-a, --autotest Connect to autotest server.
=== Rake Tasks
You can set up a rake task to run all your tests by adding this to your Rakefile:
require "minitest/test_task"
Minitest::TestTask.create # named test, sensible defaults
# or more explicitly:
Minitest::TestTask.create(:test) do |t|
t.libs << "test"
t.libs << "lib"
t.warning = false
t.test_globs = ["test/**/*_test.rb"]
end
task :default => :test
Each of these will generate 4 tasks:
rake test :: Run the test suite.
rake test:cmd :: Print out the test command.
rake test:isolated :: Show which test files fail when run separately.
rake test:slow :: Show bottom 25 tests sorted by time.
=== Rake Task Variables
There are a bunch of variables you can supply to rake to modify the run.
MT_LIB_EXTRAS :: Extra libs to dynamically override/inject for custom runs.
N :: -n: Tests to run (string or /regexp/).
X :: -x: Tests to exclude (string or /regexp/).
A :: Any extra arguments. Honors shell quoting.
MT_CPU :: How many threads to use for parallel test runs
SEED :: -s --seed Sets random seed.
TESTOPTS :: Deprecated, same as A
FILTER :: Deprecated, same as A
== Writing Extensions
To define a plugin, add a file named minitest/XXX_plugin.rb to your
project/gem. That file must be discoverable via ruby’s LOAD_PATH (via
rubygems or otherwise). Minitest will find and require that file using
Gem.find_files. It will then try to call +plugin_XXX_init+ during
startup. The option processor will also try to call +plugin_XXX_options+
passing the OptionParser instance and the current options hash. This
lets you register your own command-line options. Here’s a totally
bogus example:
# minitest/bogus_plugin.rb:
module Minitest
def self.plugin_bogus_options(opts, options)
opts.on "--myci", "Report results to my CI" do
options[:myci] = true
options[:myci_addr] = get_myci_addr
options[:myci_port] = get_myci_port
end
end
def self.plugin_bogus_init(options)
self.reporter << MyCI.new(options) if options[:myci]
end
end
=== Adding custom reporters
Minitest uses composite reporter to output test results using multiple
reporter instances. You can add new reporters to the composite during
the init_plugins phase. As we saw in +plugin_bogus_init+ above, you
simply add your reporter instance to the composite via <<.
+AbstractReporter+ defines the API for reporters. You may subclass it
and override any method you want to achieve your desired behavior.
start :: Called when the run has started.
record :: Called for each result, passed or otherwise.
report :: Called at the end of the run.
passed? :: Called to see if you detected any problems.
Using our example above, here is how we might implement MyCI:
# minitest/bogus_plugin.rb
module Minitest
class MyCI < AbstractReporter
attr_accessor :results, :addr, :port
def initialize options
self.results = []
self.addr = options[:myci_addr]
self.port = options[:myci_port]
end
def record result
self.results << result
end
def report
CI.connect(addr, port).send_results self.results
end
end
# code from above...
end
== FAQ
=== What versions are compatible with what? Or what versions are supported?
Minitest is a dependency of rails, which until very recently had an
overzealous backwards compatibility policy. As such, I’m stuck
supporting versions of ruby that are long past EOL. Hopefully I’ll be
able to support only current versions of ruby sometime in the near
future.
(As of 2024-05-10)
Current versions of rails: (https://endoflife.date/rails)
| rails | min ruby | minitest | status | EOL Date |
|-------±---------±---------±---------±-----------|
| 7.1 | >= 2.7 | >= 5.1 | Current | 2026-06-01?|
| 7.0 | >= 2.7 | >= 5.1 | Maint | 2025-06-01?|
| 6.1 | >= 2.5 | >= 5.1 | Security | 2024-06-01?|
| 6.0 | >= 2.5 | >= 5.1 | EOL | 2023-06-01 |
| 5.2 | >= 2.2.2 | ~> 5.1 | EOL | 2022-06-01 |
If you want to look at the requirements for a specific version, run:
gem spec -r --ruby rails -v 7.0.0
Current versions of ruby: (https://endoflife.date/ruby)
| ruby | Status | EOL Date |
|------±--------±-----------|
| 3.3 | Current | 2027-03-31 |
| 3.2 | Maint | 2026-03-31 |
| 3.1 | Security| 2025-03-31 |
| 3.0 | EOL | 2024-03-31 |
| 2.7 | EOL | 2023-03-31 |
| 2.6 | EOL | 2022-03-31 |
| 2.5 | EOL | 2021-03-31 | DO YOU SEE WHAT I’M STUCK WITH???
=== How to test SimpleDelegates?
The following implementation and test:
class Worker < SimpleDelegator
def work
end
end
describe Worker do
before do
@worker = Worker.new(Object.new)
end
it "must respond to work" do
_(@worker).must_respond_to :work
end
end
outputs a failure:
1) Failure:
Worker#test_0001_must respond to work [bug11.rb:16]:
Expected #<Object:0x007f9e7184f0a0> (Object) to respond to #work.
Worker is a SimpleDelegate which in 1.9+ is a subclass of BasicObject.
Expectations are put on Object (one level down) so the Worker
(SimpleDelegate) hits +method_missing+ and delegates down to the
+Object.new+ instance. That object doesn’t respond to work so the test
fails.
You can bypass SimpleDelegate#method_missing by extending the worker
with Minitest::Expectations. You can either do that in your setup at
the instance level, like:
before do
@worker = Worker.new(Object.new)
@worker.extend Minitest::Expectations
end
or you can extend the Worker class (within the test file!), like:
class Worker
include ::Minitest::Expectations
end
=== How to share code across test classes?
Use a module. That’s exactly what they’re for:
module UsefulStuff
def useful_method
# ...
end
end
describe Blah do
include UsefulStuff
def test_whatever
# useful_method available here
end
end
Remember, +describe+ simply creates test classes. It’s just ruby at
the end of the day and all your normal Good Ruby Rules ™ apply. If
you want to extend your test using setup/teardown via a module, just
make sure you ALWAYS call super. before/after automatically call super
for you, so make sure you don’t do it twice.
=== How to run code before a group of tests?
Use a constant with begin…end like this:
describe Blah do
SETUP = begin
# … this runs once when describe Blah starts
end
# …
end
This can be useful for expensive initializations or sharing state.
Remember, this is just ruby code, so you need to make sure this
technique and sharing state doesn’t interfere with your tests.
=== Why am I seeing uninitialized constant MiniTest::Test (NameError)?
Are you running the test with Bundler (e.g. via bundle exec )? If so,
in order to require minitest, you must first add the gem ‘minitest’
to your Gemfile and run +bundle+. Once it’s installed, you should be
able to require minitest and run your tests.
== Prominent Projects using Minitest:
== Developing Minitest:
Minitest requires {Hoe}[https://rubygems.org/gems/hoe].
=== Minitest’s own tests require UTF-8 external encoding.
This is a common problem in Windows, where the default external Encoding is
often CP850, but can affect any platform.
Minitest can run test suites using any Encoding, but to run Minitest’s
own tests you must have a default external Encoding of UTF-8.
If your encoding is wrong, you’ll see errors like:
--- expected
+++ actual
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
# encoding: UTF-8
-"Expected /\\w+/ to not match \"blah blah blah\"."
+"Expected /\\w+/ to not match # encoding: UTF-8
+\"blah blah blah\"."
To check your current encoding, run:
ruby -e 'puts Encoding.default_external'
If your output is something other than UTF-8, you can set the RUBYOPTS
env variable to a value of ‘-Eutf-8’. Something like:
RUBYOPT='-Eutf-8' ruby -e 'puts Encoding.default_external'
Check your OS/shell documentation for the precise syntax (the above
will not work on a basic Windows CMD prompt, look for the SET command).
Once you’ve got it successfully outputing UTF-8, use the same setting
when running rake in Minitest.
=== Minitest’s own tests require GNU (or similar) diff.
This is also a problem primarily affecting Windows developers. PowerShell
has a command called diff, but it is not suitable for use with Minitest.
If you see failures like either of these, you are probably missing diff tool:
4) Failure:
TestMinitestUnitTestCase#test_assert_equal_different_long [D:/ruby/seattlerb/minitest/test/minitest/test_minitest_test.rb:936]:
Expected: "--- expected\n+++ actual\n@@ -1 +1 @@\n-\"hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha\"\n+\"blahblahblahblahblahblahblahblahblahblah\"\n"
Actual: "Expected: \"hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha\"\n Actual: \"blahblahblahblahblahblahblahblahblahblah\""
5) Failure:
TestMinitestUnitTestCase#test_assert_equal_different_collection_hash_hex_invisible [D:/ruby/seattlerb/minitest/test/minitest/test_minitest_test.rb:845]:
Expected: "No visible difference in the Hash#inspect output.\nYou should look at the implementation of #== on Hash or its members.\n
{1=>#<Object:0xXXXXXX>}"
Actual: "Expected: {1=>#<Object:0x00000003ba0470>}\n Actual: {1=>#<Object:0x00000003ba0448>}"
If you use Cygwin or MSYS2 or similar there are packages that include a
GNU diff for Windows. If you don’t, you can download GNU diffutils from
http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/diffutils.htm
(make sure to add it to your PATH).
You can make sure it’s installed and path is configured properly with:
diff.exe -v
There are multiple lines of output, the first should be something like:
diff (GNU diffutils) 2.8.1
If you are using PowerShell make sure you run diff.exe, not just diff,
which will invoke the PowerShell built in function.
== Known Extensions:
capybara_minitest_spec :: Bridge between Capybara RSpec matchers and
Minitest::Spec expectations (e.g.
page.must_have_content(“Title”)).
color_pound_spec_reporter :: Test names print Ruby Object types in color with
your Minitest Spec style tests.
minispec-metadata :: Metadata for describe/it blocks & CLI tag filter.
E.g. it “requires JS driver”, js: true do &
ruby test.rb --tag js runs tests tagged :js.
minispec-rails :: Minimal support to use Spec style in Rails 5+.
mini-apivore :: for swagger based automated API testing.
minitest-around :: Around block for minitest. An alternative to
setup/teardown dance.
minitest-assert_errors :: Adds Minitest assertions to test for errors raised
or not raised by Minitest itself.
minitest-autotest :: autotest is a continuous testing facility meant to
be used during development.
minitest-bacon :: minitest-bacon extends minitest with bacon-like
functionality.
minitest-bang :: Adds support for RSpec-style let! to immediately
invoke let statements before each test.
minitest-bisect :: Helps you isolate and debug random test failures.
minitest-blink1_reporter :: Display test results with a Blink1.
minitest-capistrano :: Assertions and expectations for testing
Capistrano recipes.
minitest-capybara :: Capybara matchers support for minitest unit and
spec.
minitest-cc :: It provides minimal information about code coverage.
minitest-chef-handler :: Run Minitest suites as Chef report handlers
minitest-ci :: CI reporter plugin for Minitest.
minitest-context :: Defines contexts for code reuse in Minitest
specs that share common expectations.
minitest-debugger :: Wraps assert so failed assertions drop into
the ruby debugger.
minitest-display :: Patches Minitest to allow for an easily
configurable output.
minitest-documentation :: Minimal documentation format inspired by rspec’s.
minitest-doc_reporter :: Detailed output inspired by rspec’s documentation
format.
minitest-emoji :: Print out emoji for your test passes, fails, and
skips.
minitest-english :: Semantically symmetric aliases for assertions and
expectations.
minitest-excludes :: Clean API for excluding certain tests you
don’t want to run under certain conditions.
minitest-fail-fast :: Reimplements RSpec’s “fail fast” feature
minitest-filecontent :: Support unit tests with expectation results in files.
Differing results will be stored again in files.
minitest-filesystem :: Adds assertion and expectation to help testing
filesystem contents.
minitest-firemock :: Makes your Minitest mocks more resilient.
minitest-focus :: Focus on one test at a time.
minitest-gcstats :: A minitest plugin that adds a report of the top
tests by number of objects allocated.
minitest-global_expectations:: Support minitest expectation methods for all objects
minitest-great_expectations :: Generally useful additions to minitest’s
assertions and expectations.
minitest-growl :: Test notifier for minitest via growl.
minitest-happy :: GLOBALLY ACTIVATE MINITEST PRIDE! RAWR!
minitest-have_tag :: Adds Minitest assertions to test for the existence of
HTML tags, including contents, within a provided string.
minitest-heat :: Reporting that builds a heat map of failure locations
minitest-hooks :: Around and before_all/after_all/around_all hooks
minitest-hyper :: Pretty, single-page HTML reports for your Minitest runs
minitest-implicit-subject :: Implicit declaration of the test subject.
minitest-instrument :: Instrument ActiveSupport::Notifications when
test method is executed.
minitest-instrument-db :: Store information about speed of test execution
provided by minitest-instrument in database.
minitest-junit :: JUnit-style XML reporter for minitest.
minitest-keyword :: Use Minitest assertions with keyword arguments.
minitest-libnotify :: Test notifier for minitest via libnotify.
minitest-line :: Run test at line number.
minitest-logger :: Define assert_log and enable minitest to test log messages.
Supports Logger and Log4r::Logger.
minitest-macruby :: Provides extensions to minitest for macruby UI
testing.
minitest-matchers :: Adds support for RSpec-style matchers to
minitest.
minitest-matchers_vaccine :: Adds assertions that adhere to the matcher spec,
but without any expectation infections.
minitest-metadata :: Annotate tests with metadata (key-value).
minitest-mock_expectations :: Provides method call assertions for minitest.
minitest-mongoid :: Mongoid assertion matchers for Minitest.
minitest-must_not :: Provides must_not as an alias for wont in
Minitest.
minitest-optional_retry :: Automatically retry failed test to help with flakiness.
minitest-osx :: Reporter for the Mac OS X notification center.
minitest-parallel_fork :: Fork-based parallelization
minitest-parallel-db :: Run tests in parallel with a single database.
minitest-power_assert :: PowerAssert for Minitest.
minitest-predicates :: Adds support for .predicate? methods.
minitest-profile :: List the 10 slowest tests in your suite.
minitest-rails :: Minitest integration for Rails 3.x.
minitest-rails-capybara :: Capybara integration for Minitest::Rails.
minitest-reporters :: Create customizable Minitest output formats.
minitest-rg :: Colored red/green output for Minitest.
minitest-rspec_mocks :: Use RSpec Mocks with Minitest.
minitest-server :: minitest-server provides a client/server setup
with your minitest process, allowing your test
run to send its results directly to a handler.
minitest-sequel :: Minitest assertions to speed-up development and
testing of Ruby Sequel database setups.
minitest-shared_description :: Support for shared specs and shared spec
subclasses
minitest-should_syntax :: RSpec-style x.should == y assertions for
Minitest.
minitest-shouldify :: Adding all manner of shoulds to Minitest (bad
idea)
minitest-snail :: Print a list of tests that take too long
minitest-spec-context :: Provides rspec-ish context method to
Minitest::Spec.
minitest-spec-expect :: Expect syntax for Minitest::Spec (e.g.
expect(sequences).to_include :celery_man).
minitest-spec-magic :: Minitest::Spec extensions for Rails and beyond.
minitest-spec-rails :: Drop in Minitest::Spec superclass for
ActiveSupport::TestCase.
minitest-sprint :: Runs (Get it? It’s fast!) your tests and makes
it easier to rerun individual failures.
minitest-stately :: Find leaking state between tests
minitest-stub_any_instance :: Stub any instance of a method on the given class
for the duration of a block.
minitest-stub-const :: Stub constants for the duration of a block.
minitest-tags :: Add tags for minitest.
minitest-unordered :: Adds a new assertion to minitest for checking the
contents of a collection, ignoring element order.
minitest-vcr :: Automatic cassette management with Minitest::Spec
and VCR.
minitest_log :: Adds structured logging, data explication, and verdicts.
minitest_owrapper :: Get tests results as a TestResult object.
minitest_should :: Shoulda style syntax for minitest test::unit.
minitest_tu_shim :: Bridges between test/unit and minitest.
mongoid-minitest :: Minitest matchers for Mongoid.
mutant-minitest :: Minitest integration for mutant.
pry-rescue :: A pry plugin w/ minitest support. See
pry-rescue/minitest.rb.
rematch :: Declutter your test files from large hardcoded data
and update them automatically when your code changes.
rspec2minitest :: Easily translate any RSpec matchers to Minitest
assertions and expectations.
stubberry :: Multiple stubbing ‘berries’, sweet and useful
stub helpers and assertions. ( stub_must,
assert_method_called, stubbing ORM objects by id )
== Unknown Extensions:
Authors… Please send me a pull request with a description of your minitest extension.
== Minitest related goods
== REQUIREMENTS:
== INSTALL:
sudo gem install minitest
On 1.9, you already have it. To get newer candy you can still install
the gem, and then requiring “minitest/autorun” should automatically
pull it in. If not, you’ll need to do it yourself:
gem “minitest” # ensures you"re using the gem, and not the built-in MT
require “minitest/autorun”
DO NOTE: There is a serious problem with the way that ruby 1.9/2.0
packages their own gems. They install a gem specification file, but
don’t install the gem contents in the gem path. This messes up
Gem.find_files and many other things (gem which, gem contents, etc).
Just install minitest as a gem for real and you’ll be happier.
== LICENSE:
(The MIT License)
Copyright © Ryan Davis, seattle.rb
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
‘Software’), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
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